Los objetivos perseguidos en esta aportación se centran en profundizar en el mecanismo de intercalación de sodio en beta-V2O5 para baterías de ion sodio. Se pretende analizar la evolución estructural del beta-V2O5 bajo intercalación de sodio mediante técnicas operando sincrotrón y espectroscopía de absorción de rayos X. Evaluar los cambios en el estado de oxidación y la estructura local durante el ciclo de carga y descarga. Determinar la reversibilidad del proceso de (des)intercalación de sodio y caracterizar las fases sodiadas Na x V2O5 (0 < x < 1) mediante difracción operando. Finalmente, validar mediante cálculos de teoría del funcional de la densidad (DFT) el mecanismo de almacenamiento basado en el deslizamiento de capas a lo largo de la dirección cristalográfica b.

We thank MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER-UE for funding the projects PID2022-139039OB-C21 and PID2022-139039OB-C22; and AEI/10.13039/501100011033/Union Europea Next Generation EU/PRTR for funding the project TED2021-129427B-I00. A Financial support from Universidad San Pablo is also acknowledged. Rafael Cordoba wants to thank AEI and European Social fund/UE for the predoctoral grant BES-2017-080862. This work contributes to the research performed at the Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage Ulm-Karlsruhe (CELEST) and was partially funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy-EXC 2154-Project number 390874152 (POLiS Cluster of Excellence). We thank Jose Manuel Gallardo-Amores (High-pressure Laboratory, Universidad Complutense de Madrid) and Maria Jose Torralvo Fernandez (Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid) for the synthesis of beta-V2O5 and BET experiments, respectively. We thank the National Center for Electron Microscopy (CNME) at Universidad Complutense de Madrid, for support and access to instrumental facilities. The synchrotron diffraction experiments at ALBA were funded through a proposal with reference number 2018093055. We acknowledge DESY synchrotron, a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF, for the provision of experimental facilities. Parts of this research were carried out at PETRA III beamline P65. Beamtime was allocated for proposal(s) I-20200899. The operando XAS work was performed by using the Biologic potentiostat of PETRA-III beamline P02.1. We would like to thank Dr. Edmund Welter from Experiments Division at DESY for the technical support. This work was partly carried out with the support of the Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi, www.knmf.kit.edu), a Helmholtz Research Infrastructure at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT, www.kit.edu). We gratefully acknowledge Polish high-performance computing infrastructure PLGrid (HPC Center: ACK Cyfronet AGH) for providing computer facilities and support within computational grant no. PLG/2022/015728.